Treatment options for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Quantitative studies on dysmenorrhea have shown that 1 severe pain. Diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhea request pdf. Menstruallike cramping dysmenorrhea from an underlying condition.
If you suffer from secondary dysmenorrhea, surgery may be able to treat this underlying condition and relieve your dysmenorrhea symptoms. Sep 23, 2019 treatment of secondary dysmenorrhea involves correction of the underlying organic cause. Secondary dysmenorrhea used as a noun is very rare. Usually appearing within 612 months after the menarche, primary dysmenorrhea occurs almost invariably in ovulatory cycles. Periodic use of analgesic agents as adjunctive therapy may be beneficial. Dysmenorrhea can be classified as either primary or secondary based on the absence or presence of an underlying cause. Primary dysmenorrhea advances in pathogenesis and management m. Treatment with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents can be. Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for pain with menstruation.
How to treat secondary dysmenorrhea with pictures wikihow. Treatment of secondary dysmenorrhea involves correction of the underlying organic cause. It is more likely to occur years after onset of menstruation. Cramps that are caused by primary dysmenorrhea may start about one or two days before your period begins and they can last for just a few hours or up to a few. Dysmenorrhea may develop as a result of psychological shock associated with the onset of the first menstruation in uninformed young girls, when there is a longunfulfilled desire to. Women who have secondary dysmenorrhea may get cramps starting a few days before the start of their period. The symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea are caused by prostaglandins. Initial presentation of primary dysmenorrhea typically occurs in adolescence. Patients present with pelvic or lower abdominal spasmodic type of pain with or. Update of recent studies of adenomyosisassociated dysmenorrhea article pdf available in gynecology and minimally invasive therapy 54 august 2016 with 96 reads how we measure reads. Primary dysmenorrhea refers to the presence of recurrent, crampy, lower.
It affects approximately 90% of menstruating women 1 and begins within a few months to a year after the onset of menarche 2. Managing the pain of primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Taking hormonal birth control pills can also help to reduce worsening of adenomyosis the condition where menstrual tissue grows into the muscle of the uterus. Gi upset, heartburn, nv, constipation, diarrhea, drowsiness, ha. In secondary dysmenorrhea, the painful menstruation is accompanied by. Dec 17, 2016 dysmenorrhea, also known as dysmenorrhoea, painful periods, or menstrual cramps, is pain during menstruation. Abnormal tissue growth, like with endometriosis and adenomyosis, where the tissue grows outside the uterus or into the uterine muscle causes pain during menstruation and leads to secondary dysmenorrhea. Given the complex nature of dysmenorrhea, multimodal approaches that combine. Secondary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain associated with an identifiable disease. Dysmenorrhea in a nonhuman primate can include clinical signs of abdominal pain, anorexia, and prostration during menstruation ruch, 1959. Stretching or core strengthening exercises for managing primary. Dysmenorrhea, defined as painful cramps that occur with menstruation, is the most common gynecologic problem in women of all ages and races,1 and one of the most common causes of pelvic pain. Symptoms may include cramping or pain in the lower abdomen, low back pain, pain spreading down the legs, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, weakness, fainting, or headaches. The goal of the one qualitative study on primary and secondary dysmenorrhea.
With dysmenorrhea, you may have cramping with dull or sharp pain in your lower abdomen stomach. Dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and premenstrual. This kind of cramping is more common in women in their 30s and 40s and usually does not get better with age. Secondary dysmenorrhea is associated with another diagnosis e. Women with endometriosis who present with secondary dysmenorrhea have physical findings about 40% of the time. General information o most common gynecologic problem in menstruating women. More detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of secondary dysmenorrhea is. Started in 1995, this collection now contains 6767 interlinked topic pages divided into a tree of 31 specialty books and 732 chapters. Secondary dysmenorrhea symptoms, diagnosis, treatments and. It is excessive pain that is not considered normal for menstruation. One cause of primary dysmenorrhea is an increase in prostaglandin f2 alpha production by the endometrium, leading to myometrial contractions. Its usual onset occurs around the time that menstruation begins. Endometriosis, adenomyosis, fibroids, pelvic infections, intauterine devices, cervical stenosis, and uterine or vaginal abnormalitites.
Dysmenorrhea, one of the most frequently encountered gynecologic disorders, refers to painful menstruation. Mar 01, 2014 dysmenorrhea, defined as painful cramps that occur with menstruation, is the most common gynecologic problem in women of all ages and races,1 and one of the most common causes of pelvic pain. Secondary dysmenorrhea article about secondary dysmenorrhea. Secondary dysmenorrhea definition of secondary dysmenorrhea. When there is secondary dysmenorrhea with an underlying condition contributing to the pain, the prognosis depends on the successful treatment of that underlying condition. Secondary dysmenorrhea is characterized by a congested, dull pain that begins as early as two weeks before the start of your flow. Definitions o cramping lower abdominal pain that occurs just before or during menstruation primary. Pdf update of recent studies of adenomyosisassociated. More detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of secondary dysmenorrhea is available below. Edgar cayce health database overview of dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea is painful or difficult menstruation.
Diagnostic testing for secondary dysmenorrhoea may include ultrasound, hysterosalpingogram an xray examination of the uterus and uterine tubes following the injection of a radio opaque dye kasner and tindall, 1985, and a laparoscopy, which allows viewing of the abdominal cavity by the passing of an endoscope through the abdominal wall. Other signs and symptoms include dizziness, loose stools, upset stomach, and headache. Mar 29, 2019 in secondary dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis uterine tissue that grows outside of the uterus, there will be less of this each month, and thus less pain. Dysmenorrhea is the leading cause of recurrent shortterm school absence in adolescent girls and a common problem in women of reproductive age. It is a common cause of absenteeism and reduced qual. Primary dysmenorrhea occurs without an associated underlying condition, while secondary dysmenorrhea has a specific underlying cause, typically a condition that affects the uterus or other reproductive organs. It can be accompanied by bloating, weight gain, breast tenderness, headaches. A detailed history and findings on physical examination are sufficient to confirm the. The cramps may also last longer than normal menstrual cramps, such as past the end of the period. Both primary and secondary dysmenorrhea are likely to respond to. Secondary dysmenorrhea is often caused by abnormal tissue growth, infection, cysts, fibroids, or a small cervical opening. Stoeltinggettelfinger w j am acad nurse pract 2010 oct. Secondary dysmenorrhea noun the noun secondary dysmenorrhea has 1 sense 1.
As the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle comes to an end, the production of progesterone by the corpus luteum declines, resulting in lysosomal breakdown and the release of enzymes in the uterine endometrium. Until recently, many medical and gynaecological texts ascribed the source of dysmenorrhoea to emotional or psychological problemsfor example, anxiety, emotional instability, a faulty outlook on sex and menstruation, and imitation of the mothers feelings about menstruation. Dysmenorrhea is classified as primary or secondary dysmenorrhea. Secondary dysmenorrhea or painful menstruation is caused by an underlying gynecological condition. Dysmenorrhea, also known as painful periods or menstrual cramps, is pain during menstruation.
The effects of combining norethindrone with a gonadotropin releasing hormone. Ocp, transdermal patch, vaginal ring progestinonly contraceptives may also be used prognosis, prevention, and complications for women who complete 3 months of nsaids andor hormonal therapy with no. Sep 23, 2019 women with secondary dysmenorrhea may have pelvic pathology, though normal findings do not exclude the condition. Primary dysmenorrhea, secondary dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, menstrual.
Dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea is a term describing painful menstruation that typically involves cramps caused by uterine contractions. It is usually sharp but may be cramping, throbbing, or a dull, constant ache. It can be related to an underlying conditions such as endometriosis. Mar 30, 2019 primary dysmenorrhea means that your cramps are due to your cycle. Pain beyond menstruation, dyspareunia, lower back pain, and infertility. Dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecologic complaint among. A case study and comprehensive differential diagnosis and care plan for the three ds of womens health. In the present study, fennel extract and mefenamic acid mg, 4 times a day were equally effective in reducing pain intensity, limitations in activity and the need for rest among adolescent girls with primary dysmenorrhoea. Multimodal therapy combining spinal manipulation, transcutaneous. Menstrual pain that starts after an initial period of painfree menses is usually associated with genital disease and is called.
Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as cramping pain in the lower abdomen occurring just before or during menstruation, in the absence of other diseases such as endometriosis. In secondary dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis uterine tissue that grows outside of the uterus, there will be less of this each month, and thus less pain. Secondary dysmenorrhea sd is menstrual pain associated with an. Request pdf diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhea the prevalence of. Efficacy of the device combining highfrequency transcutaneous. They seem to accept dysmenorrhea as part of the physiological process of the transition between adolescence and adulthood, which reflects a lack of information about primary dysmenorrhea. Adenomyosis is characterized by the presence of heterotopic endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium, accompanied by a variable degree of adjacent myometrial hyperplasia and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Common causes of secondary dysmenorrhoea include endometriosis, fibroids myomas, adenomyosis, endometrial polyps, pelvic inflammatory disease, and the use of an intrauterine contraceptive device.
It is characterized by pain in the lower abdomen or the pelvis region, beginning prior to the onset or during menstruation without any predisposing underlying conditions like endometriosis. It is associated with a negative impact on social, academic, and sports activities of many female adolescents. Dysmenorrhea, also known as dysmenorrhoea, painful periods, or menstrual cramps, is pain during menstruation. Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for menstrual cramps, which are caused by uterine contractions. A mixedmethod research combining quantitative and qualitative methods 562 students. Pain may occur with menses or precede menses by 1 to 3 days. Dysmenorrhea menstrual cramps womens health network. Dysmenorrhea gynecology and obstetrics merck manuals. Secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by pelvic pathology. Secondary dysmenorrhea, connected to endometriosis and fms. Primary dysmenorrhea refers to common menstrual cramps, while secondary dysmenorrhea results from a disorder in the reproductive organs. Diagnosis and initial management of dysmenorrhea american. Dysmenorrhea in adolescents dharmapuri pediatric medicine. Dysmenorrhea is uterine pain around the time of menses.
Yusoff dawood, md primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstrual cramps without any evident pathology to account for them, and it occurs in up to 50% of menstruating females and causes significant disruption in quality of life and absenteeism. Adolescentsyoung adults with severe dysmenorrhea symptoms may have pelvic. Painful periods cause severe cramps and pain during a womans period. Yusoff dawood, md primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstrual cramps without any evident pathology to account for them, and it occurs in up to 50% of menstruating females and causes. Primary dysmenorrhoea is menstrual pain without organic disease, and secondary dysmenorrhoea is menstrual pain associated with an identifiable disease. Primary dysmenorrhea is a common problem in menstruating women, starts at menarche and typically affects adolescents. Older women without prior history of dysmenorrhea should be assumed to have secondary dysmenorrhea until thorough evaluation is completed.
About 88% of adolescents with dysmenorrhea experience their first painful menstruation within the first 2 years after menarche. Secondary dysmenorrhoea occurs in association with some form of pelvic pathology. In older women, dysmenorrhea is more often due to underlying issues such as uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, or endometriosis, a condition known as secondary dysmenorrhea 12. Secondary dysmenorrhoea in contrast to primary dysmenorrhoea, secondary dysmenor rhoea is a consequence of the presence of pelvic pathology. Irritable bowel syndrome chronic fatigue syndrome mefenamic acid combine oral. Dysmenorrhea disturbances of menstruation, characterized by pains in the lower abdomen, the small of the back, and the sacrum algomenorrhea, combined with general symptoms migraine, heart palpitations, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rashes, and sleep disturbance. Secondary dysmenorrhea is associated with an identified cause. The pain is usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen. Dysmenorrhea is a term describing painful menstruation that typically involves cramps caused by uterine contractions.
It can start with your first period, or begin later in life. Pdf dysmenorrhea is a common symptom secondary to various gynecological disorders, but it is also represented in most women as a. A mixed method research combining quantitative and qualitative methods 562 students. Primary dysmenorrhea article about primary dysmenorrhea.
For example, uterine fibroids are tumors that can cause intense pain and cramping. This discussion focuses on primary dysmenorrhea because treatment for secondary dysmenorrhea is determined by the underlying cause. Secondary dysmenorrhea or secondary menstrual cramps must be promptly identified, and most especially must not be erroneously treated by home selfcare as primary cramps. Dysmenorrhea in adolescents and young adults mattioli 1885. Other articles where secondary dysmenorrhea is discussed.
Specific measures medical or surgical may be required to treat pelvic pathologic conditions eg, endometriosis and to ameliorate the associated dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea is diagnosed when no obvious underlying cause is found. Secondary dysmenorrhea may be caused by a problem in your uterus, ovaries, or fallopian tubes. Dysmenorrhea is the leading cause of shortterm school absenteeism. Dysmenorrhea may be primary, existing from the beginning of periods, or secondary, due to an underlying condition. Primary dysmenorrhea definition of primary dysmenorrhea. It can be caused by genital obstructions, pelvic inflammation or degeneration, abnormal uterine wall separation or development i. Pain tends to peak 24 hours after onset of menses and subside after 2 to 3 days. It is common to combine surgical with medical treatment. These conditions can present a challenge in developing an accurate differential diagnosis and appropriate plan of care. Secondary dysmenorrhea refers to painful menstruation associated with pelvic abnormalities or disease. Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful periods in which a woman has sharp or aching pains, lower abdominal cramps that come and go, and lower back pain. Pdf dysmenorrhea and related disorders researchgate. So health education on issues related to reproductive health should be incorporated early enough in the school curriculum with the involvement of the school personnel to prepare girls for menstruation and.
412 1236 647 1471 285 1204 734 1649 375 1078 430 1057 1173 1541 1180 1427 1238 1651 478 212 1527 1479 1182 726 1224 25 1014 824 1475 1091 1177 864 528 1287 367 683 1045 1158 685 15 207 561 15 39