Contents introduction to graphene properties applications methods used cvd chemical vapor deposition. The effects of temperature and the type of peroxide used in improved hummers method for synthesis of graphene oxide were investigated. This modified version of hummers method differs from the original one by the exclusion of nano3. A lowcost nonexplosive synthesis of graphene oxide for. Graphene can produce from graphite using by chemical vapor deposition cvd, mechanical or chemical method 2,3. Synthesis of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide this chapter describes the synthesis of graphene oxide by hummers method and graphene through chemical reduction.
Highefficient synthesis of graphene oxide based on. However, the challenge is to synthesize graphene in a bulk quantity. An improved hummers method without using nano 3 can produce graphene oxide nearly the same to that prepared by conventional hummers method. Synthesis of graphene oxide go by modified hummers method synthesis of graphene oxide go by modified hummers method check list. In 1958, hummers reported an alternative method for the synthesis of grapheme oxide by using kmno 4 and nano 3 in concentrated h 2so 4. Though the extraction of graphene through hummers method is one of the oldest techniques yet it is one of the most suitable methods for the. We have found that excluding the nano3, increasing the amount of kmno4, and performing the reaction in a 9. Currently, hummers method kmno4, nano3, h2so4 is the most common method used for preparing graphene oxide. Synthesis of graphene oxide by modified hummers method. Though the extraction of graphene through hummers method is one of the oldest techniques yet it is one of the most suitable methods for the formation of bulk graphene. Here we reported an improved nano3free hummers method by partly replacing kmno4 with k2feo4 and controlling the amount of. In the present work, oxidation has been done using the modified hummers method.
Either sodium chlorate in nitric acid similar to brodies method or potassium permanganate in sulfuric acid similar to hummers method treatment are possible. In this method, the experiment was synthesized without sodium nitrate nano3 and ice bath, but carried out at room temperature. Currently, an improved method for the preparation of graphene oxide was the most common one. Quantifying the graphene oxide go synthesis by hummers method 1 or its derivatives including a mechanical exfoliation step 2 has expanded in the recent years. Pdf synthesis of graphene oxide go by modified hummers. Graphene oxide films obtained using the method disclosed herein were characterized using various analytical techniques. Design, synthesis, and characterization of graphene. We have found that excluding the nano 3, increasing the amount of kmno 4, and performing the reaction in a 9. Graphene can synthesis by arc discharge method in the presence of h 2 atmosphere with two to three layers having flake size of 100200 nm 180, 184. Synthesis of graphene oxide by modified hummers method and. Go was prepared by oxidizing the purified natural flake graphite nfg by a mod ified hummers method. Highefficient synthesis of graphene oxide based on improved. The aim of this study is to study the influence of different solvents on the structure and electrical properties of graphene oxide.
Graphene oxide go was chemically synthesized from natural flake graphite nfg using the simplified hummers method. The first route involved stirring the one pot mixture continuously for three days at ambient temperature while the second route involved stirring another one pot mixture for six days also at ambient temperature. Hummers method is a chemical process that can be used to generate graphite oxide through the addition of potassium permanganate to a solution of graphite, sodium nitrate, and sulfuric acid. Studies have been conducted to quantify the effect of synthesis parameters such as ultrasonic exfoliation, on the size of graphene. Moreover, graphite was oxidized to graphene oxide followed by exfoliation into reduced go flakes and nanosheets in accordance with modified hummers method 2. Synthesis of graphene oxide by modified hummers method and hydrothermal synthesis of graphenenio nano composite for supercapacitor application narasimharao k, venkata ramana g, sreedhar d and vasudevarao v sreenidhi institute of science and technology, ghatkesar, hyderabad, india abstract graphene oxide was synthesized by using modified. Go has greater aqueous solubility than pristine graphene due to. In this article, we are going to learn about the methods of graphene synthesis that are hummers method, chemical vapor deposition, chemical exfoliation of graphene, electrochemical exfoliation. Pdf synthesis of graphene oxide using modified hummers. Here, the fact that two different synthetic methods for graphene oxide preparation lead to very similar types of graphene oxide with a preserved graphene lattice is demonstrated. Schematic diagram of go preparation via hummersoffeman method 10. Here we propose a strategy of radical oxidation reaction for the highefficiency production of graphene oxide go. In this thesis, an improved hummers method is used to produce graphene oxide, while thermal treatment has been used as the reduction process to form reduced graphene oxide. In this method, the experiment was synthesized without sodium nitrate nano 3 and ice.
Graphene can be obtained in the form of reduced graphite oxide, sometimes. Measuring synthesis yield in graphene oxide synthesis by. Among the extensive studies in the application of graphene, supercapacitor has gained much attention nowadays. There are several methods of synthesizing graphene and graphene oxide. Synthesis of graphene oxide using modified hummers. A low cost, nonexplosive process for the synthesis of graphene oxide go is demonstrated. Parameters such as reaction time, reaction temperature, and amount of concentration were varied to study the degree of oxidation of graphite to graphene oxide.
Apratim khandelwal different methods for synthesis of graphene supervision by. By rapid heating process arc discharge in an air atmosphere resulted in graphene nano sheets that are 100200 nm wide predominantly with two layers. A number of techniques for preparing graphene sheets have been developed but. An innovative synthesis of graphene oxide by hummers method. It consists of carrying out a reaction of graphite powder with kmno 4 and nano 3 in concentrated h 2 so 4. Us20180029887a1 method for the synthesis of graphene. Department of metallurgical and materials engineering, national institute of technology rourkela, rourkela, india.
Go prepared by this method could be used for preparing large graphitic films 14. Also, they reported that this, often called improved hummers method. The most important and widely used method for the synthesis of graphite oxide is the one developed by hummers and offeman in 1958 hummers method 28, 29. Pdf synthesis of graphene oxide by modified hummers. Synthesis of graphene oxide by modified hummers method and hydrothermal synthesis of graphene nio nano composite for supercapacitor application narasimharao k, venkata ramana g, sreedhar d and vasudevarao v sreenidhi institute of science and technology, ghatkesar, hyderabad, india abstract graphene oxide was synthesized by using modified.
Over the span of years, improvements over various synthesis methods of graphene are constantly pursued to provide safer and more effective alternatives. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized by the xrd, raman, sem, tga and energy dispersive spectrometer analysis. In the present work, a chemical method for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide was employed. This method of synthesis can be varied by varying the oxidizing agents used to exfoliate graphite flakes. Advances in materials science and engineering hindawi. Scanning electron microscope, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, uvvis. Efficient synthesis of graphene oxide by hummers method. Currently, hummers method kmno 4, nano 3, h 2 so 4 is the most common method used for preparing graphene oxide. Graphene can be obtained in the form of reduced graphite oxide. Generally, the oxidized graphene sheets, namely, go, acquire multiple defects and the degree of the defects is subject to the additive amount of oxidant and the oxidizing time 22.
Safer modified hummers method for the synthesis of. Pdf an innovative synthesis of graphene oxide by hummer. Through the discovery of graphene, many researchers became interested to do research in this twodimensional 2d carbon, as to discover its properties, characteristic and improve device in future 4. The most common method of synthesis is chemical method of synthesis by hummers method 28. It is commonly used by engineering and lab technicians as a reliable method of producing quantities of graphite oxide. Synthesis of graphene oxide go by modified hummers method and its thermal reduction to obtain reduced graphene oxide rgo open access january 2017 graphene 61. The result shows that graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide have successfully been synthesized. An electric fieldassisted hummers method for the synthesis of graphene oxide go is reported which can enhance the efficiency of oxidation processes, while decreasing destructive effects on the resultant graphite lattice. Synthesis of graphene oxide go by modified hummers method. It is also able to be revised in the creation of a onemoleculethick version of the. For the massproduction of graphene, the cvd method is the most e. Graphene oxide synthesized by using modified hummers approach. Graphene oxide is synthesized by chemical treatment of graphite using only h 2 so 4, kmno 4, h 2 o 2 andor h 2 o as reagents. Characterization of high yield graphene oxide synthesized.
Synthesis of porous graphene powder through improved. For more details please logon to instanano nanotechnology at instanat synthesis of graphene oxide hummers method synthesis of go modified hummers method how to synthesized graphene. Graphene oxide was synthesized by using modified hummers method and also graphenenio nanocomposite prepared by hydrothermal method with the use of graphene oxide solution, nino326h2o and urea as raw materials. This method includes all former developments but with key improvements. The synthesized graphene oxide was prepared by the optimized improved hummers method. Therefore, hummers method is more suitable for preparing graphene. The effect of temperature and type of peroxide on graphene. An improved hummers method for ecofriendly synthesis of. Study of reduced graphene oxide preparation by hummers. A simple approach to stepwise synthesis of graphene oxide. As a novel twodimensional carbon material, graphene has fine potential applications in the fields of electron transfer agent and supercapacitor material for its excellent electronic and optical property. Synthesis of graphene oxide using modified hummers method abishek sivaraj.
Synthesis, characterization, chemical reduction and. Several syntheses are done, where parameters such as. Concentration of sulphuric acid is most important in hummers method. Go is produced by the oxidative treatment of graphite by one of the principle methods developed by brodie, hummers or staudenmeir. The graphite oxide was prepared by oxidizing purified natural flake graphite via modified hummers method. In this paper, graphite oxide was prepared from natural ake graphite by hummers method through liquid oxidization, and the reduced graphene oxide was obtained by chemical reduction of graphene oxide using nh 3 h 2 o aqueous solution and. Graphene due to its high specific surface area is considered to be a potential adsorbent for air and water purification systems. These analytical techniques confirmed the creation of single to few layer graphene oxide with relatively large lateral size distribution using the. Although it was believed that the functional groups resulted in the layer loosening of graphite, which was demonstrated by atomicforce microscopy and xray diffraction xrd, much work remained for the mechanism that results in the development of go from. Synthesis of graphene oxide using modified hummers method. Graphite, sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate kmno4, hydrogen peroxide h2o2, water, beaker, measuring cylinder, magnetic stirrer. This modification eliminates the evolution of no2n2o4 toxic gasses. Synthesis of graphene oxide go by modified hummers method and its thermal reduction to obtain reduced graphene oxide rgo. Here, we represent two method of synthesis technique one is by common method and other by modified.
A number of techniques for preparing graphene sheets. Photosynergetic electrochemical synthesis of graphene. An improved method for the preparation of graphene oxide go is described. This introduction to graphene has been created to impart a general understanding of what graphene is, the types of graphene available, as well as synthesis methods and. Compared with hummers method, electrochemical exfoliation of graphite is considered facile and. Pdf wet chemical synthesis of graphene for battery. A new approach to synthesize graphene is oxidizing graphite powder with a mixture of h 2 so 4 h 3 po 4 acids and potassium permanganate. Synthesis of graphene oxide go by modified hummers. In the present study, a simple approach has been followed for the synthesis of graphene oxide go using modified hummers method in which graphite powder. In this study, graphene was synthesized using the recently developed improved hummers method to achieve a high oxidation rate and thermal treatment of the synthesized graphene was done to increase its pore size and make it more capable for applications in. Synthesis, characterization, chemical reduction and biological application of graphene oxide by xiguang gao.
Graphene is a remarkable material with high electron mobility, good mechanical strength and almost transparent. Graphene oxide, like graphite oxide, is often described as an. Go plays important roles in the sustainable development of energy and the environment, taking advantages of oxygencontaining functional groups for good dispersibility and assembly. Go was prepared from natural flake graphite through onepot synthesis based on new modified hummers method.
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